Nederlands Instituut voor Natuurkunde en Scheikunde All-vanadium vloeistofstroom-energieopslag

What are the different types of vanadium based electrode materials?

In this book, vanadium-based electrode materials are divided into four kinds based on their structure features and electrochemical characteristics: oxygen-free vanadium-based compounds, vanadium phosphates, vanadates, and vanadium oxides (Fig. 1.5). Classification of vanadium-based electrode materials. (Reproduced from .

Are vanadium-based electrodes based on nanomaterials?

In the past decade, the vast majority of the studies about vanadium-based electrodes for electrochemical energy storage are based on “nano.” Based on the dimension, nanomaterials are divided into three-dimensional (3D), two-dimensional (2D), one-dimensional (1D), and zero-dimensional (0D).

What is the rich valence state of vanadium?

The rich valence state of vanadium results in numerous vanadium-based compounds. When composite with different anions and cations (Fig. 1.4), a variety of vanadium-based phases can be obtained, including vanadium nitrides, vanadium phosphates, vanadium oxides, vanadium carbides, metal vanadates, and vanadium sulfides.

What is the valence state of a vanadium based electrode?

Vanadium-based electrode materials, like V 2 O 5, have been researched for more than 40 years [1, 2]. The valence state of vanadium can vary from +5 to +1 when used as battery electrodes, which indicates that multi-electrons reaction with high capacity can be achieved.

What are vanadium based compounds used for?

Outside of the steel industry, vanadium-based compounds also have wide applications in many other fields, for example, as catalysts for sulfuric acid industry, as colorants for glass and ceramic industry, and as electrolytes for vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) for large-scale energy storage [6, 8].

Why is vanadium important?

Vanadium is an important alloy element. At present, the main industrial consumption of vanadium centers on steel manufacture. A small amount of vanadium doping can greatly increase the strength, toughness, and wear resistance of steel. The strengthening steels are widely used in the construction, infrastructure, and transportation industries.